Редактирование: Richard Stallman, Free software: ethics and practice
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== Расшифровка лекции == | == Расшифровка лекции == | ||
- | (расшифровка взята с [http://rms-moscow-2008.narod.ru/], счетчик времени по [[#Видеозаписи|видеозаписи]] | + | (расшифровка взята с [http://rms-moscow-2008.narod.ru/], счетчик времени по [[#Видеозаписи|видеозаписи]]) |
- | + | ||
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you publish the recording [laughter], do it in OGG Vorbis format | you publish the recording [laughter], do it in OGG Vorbis format | ||
only. [someone: "Yes!", applause] and under the CC-noderivs license | only. [someone: "Yes!", applause] and under the CC-noderivs license | ||
- | [laughter], that's the only license, because this is opinion, this | + | [laughter], that's the only license, because this is opinion /?/, this |
- | is not technical education, this is political views, so I'd like | + | is not technical education /?/, this is political views, so I'd like |
you to release it under the CC-noderivs license only, and only in OGG | you to release it under the CC-noderivs license only, and only in OGG | ||
Vorbis format, because I want everybody to install an OGG player and I | Vorbis format, because I want everybody to install an OGG player and I | ||
have to do my little bit to help promote that. | have to do my little bit to help promote that. | ||
- | + | ||
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- | |||
- | === Introduction. The four freedoms === | ||
Most of society teaches you that when you judge a program, you should | Most of society teaches you that when you judge a program, you should | ||
judge it solely in superficial practical terms. How powerful is it? | judge it solely in superficial practical terms. How powerful is it? | ||
- | How convenient? How reliable? What | + | How convenient? How reliable? What is it cost? All superficial practial. |
They don't suggest, they don't teach you to ask yourself the really | They don't suggest, they don't teach you to ask yourself the really | ||
important questions. Does this program respect my freedom? Does this | important questions. Does this program respect my freedom? Does this | ||
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Proprietary software, which is non-free software, keeps the users divided | Proprietary software, which is non-free software, keeps the users divided | ||
- | and helpless. Divided because they are forbidden to share with anybody | + | and helpless. Divided, because they are forbidden to share with anybody |
- | else, and helpless because they don't have the source code, so they can't | + | else, and helpless, because they don't have the source code, so they can't |
change anything, they can't even verify independently, what the program | change anything, they can't even verify independently, what the program | ||
is actually doing to them, and many of those programs do nasty things | is actually doing to them, and many of those programs do nasty things | ||
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freedoms are the freedoms everybody should have? | freedoms are the freedoms everybody should have? | ||
- | + | They are four. I should say more. | |
A program is free software if it gives the user the four essential | A program is free software if it gives the user the four essential | ||
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{00:07:25} | {00:07:25} | ||
- | But if one of these freedoms is missing | + | But if one of these freedoms is missing of insufficient, then the program |
is proprietary software, non-free software, user-subjugating software, | is proprietary software, non-free software, user-subjugating software, | ||
because the social system of it's distribution and use is unethical. So, | because the social system of it's distribution and use is unethical. So, | ||
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{00:11:10} | {00:11:10} | ||
- | However | + | However, why is this the lesser evil? Well, if you can't help doing wrong |
to somebody or other, better you should do it to somebody who deserves | to somebody or other, better you should do it to somebody who deserves | ||
- | it. [laughter] Now, we can assume that your friend is a good friend | + | it. [laughter] Now, we can assume that your friend is a good friend and |
- | + | a good member your community and normally deserves your cooperation, | |
- | because that way he might learn. But in any case, the case | + | because you might want cooperate even with somebody who is not helpful, |
- | case. We | + | because that way he might learn. But in any case, the case words /?/ |
+ | of good friend, a good member of your community is the sharpest moral | ||
+ | case /?/. We can thrust /?/ with him the developer of the proprietary | ||
program, who has deliberately attacked the social solidarity of your | program, who has deliberately attacked the social solidarity of your | ||
- | community. If you can't help doing wrong to one or the other, then | + | community. If you can't help doing wrong to the one or the other, then |
- | you should do it to him, | + | you should do it to him, to developer. |
{00:12:07} | {00:12:07} | ||
However, being the lesser evil, doesn't mean it's good. It's never a | However, being the lesser evil, doesn't mean it's good. It's never a | ||
- | good thing | + | good thing. So making agreement and then break it. Now there are some |
agreements that are evil in themselves, and keeping them is even worse | agreements that are evil in themselves, and keeping them is even worse | ||
- | + | then breaking them. This is an example. But still, making an agreement | |
and breaking it is not good. | and breaking it is not good. | ||
- | And if you give your friend a copy, what | + | And if you give your friend a copy, what would your friend have? Your |
friend will have an unauthorized copy of a proprietary program and | friend will have an unauthorized copy of a proprietary program and | ||
that's a pretty bad thing, almost as bad as an authorized copy would | that's a pretty bad thing, almost as bad as an authorized copy would | ||
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user an upgrade designed specifically for him, which means, Microsoft | user an upgrade designed specifically for him, which means, Microsoft | ||
can take control of his computer and to do him whatever it wants. That | can take control of his computer and to do him whatever it wants. That | ||
- | user is | + | user is apt /?/ Microsoft's mercy. That's the back door we know about, |
but is there another? | but is there another? | ||
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For instance, suppose one person takes a free program, and makes a change, | For instance, suppose one person takes a free program, and makes a change, | ||
and releases her modified version. And somebody else takes that and makes | and releases her modified version. And somebody else takes that and makes | ||
- | another change that goes further in | + | another change that goes further in apt /?/ direction, and releases his |
modified version, and someone else starts with that and makes another | modified version, and someone else starts with that and makes another | ||
change, and releases his modified version. Afterwards we will say: | change, and releases his modified version. Afterwards we will say: | ||
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business, people are often interested in free software from a business | business, people are often interested in free software from a business | ||
perspective, so I will talk about that to some extent. | perspective, so I will talk about that to some extent. | ||
- | |||
- | === Free software from a business perspective === | ||
{00:38:17} | {00:38:17} | ||
- | How | + | How this free software affect business. Well, lots of businesses use |
computers, only a tiny fraction of them are in the business of developing | computers, only a tiny fraction of them are in the business of developing | ||
software. So the result is, in general, free software is very good for | software. So the result is, in general, free software is very good for | ||
businesses, because businesses appreciate the four freedoms, just as | businesses, because businesses appreciate the four freedoms, just as | ||
- | individuals do in their | + | individuals do in their regire /?/ time. And businesses using software |
should have these four freedoms, just as other users should. And in | should have these four freedoms, just as other users should. And in | ||
particular, businesses can take advantage greatly. | particular, businesses can take advantage greatly. | ||
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{00:42:52} | {00:42:52} | ||
- | Sometimes the developer says: " | + | Sometimes the developer says: "Heyyas /?/, I won't listen to your |
problem". [laughter] If the user pays, the developer says: "Thank you | problem". [laughter] If the user pays, the developer says: "Thank you | ||
very much. [laughter] In six months there will be an upgrade, buy the | very much. [laughter] In six months there will be an upgrade, buy the | ||
upgrade and you will see if we have fixed your problem, and you will | upgrade and you will see if we have fixed your problem, and you will | ||
- | see what new problems we have | + | see what new problems we have installed /?/ free /?/ [laughter] |
But with free software anyone that has a copy, can read the source | But with free software anyone that has a copy, can read the source | ||
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new continent in cyberspace that we have built so we can live here | new continent in cyberspace that we have built so we can live here | ||
in freedom. It's impossible to live in freedom in the all world of | in freedom. It's impossible to live in freedom in the all world of | ||
- | cyberspace, where every program has its | + | cyberspace, where every program has its futal lord that bleeds and |
mistreats the users. So, to live in freedom we have to build a new | mistreats the users. So, to live in freedom we have to build a new | ||
continent. Because this is a virtual continent, it has room for everyone, | continent. Because this is a virtual continent, it has room for everyone, | ||
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liberation of cyberspace and everyone in it. | liberation of cyberspace and everyone in it. | ||
- | === A brief history of the free software movement and the GNU project === | ||
- | |||
{00:48:22} | {00:48:22} | ||
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system, and an 1983 all the operating systems for modern computers were | system, and an 1983 all the operating systems for modern computers were | ||
proprietary, so there was no way to buy a modern computer and run it | proprietary, so there was no way to buy a modern computer and run it | ||
- | and have freedom. How could I change that? I was one man, | + | and have freedom. How could I change that? I was one man, no particular |
- | famous, with no political experience | + | famous, with no political experience and skill. So I didn't think I would |
get very far just starting an ordinary political movement, trying to | get very far just starting an ordinary political movement, trying to | ||
campaign to convince governments to change their laws, or even convince | campaign to convince governments to change their laws, or even convince | ||
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people didn't recognize as a problem. I had the skills necessary to try | people didn't recognize as a problem. I had the skills necessary to try | ||
to eliminate that problem and chances are, it seemed, nobody would do | to eliminate that problem and chances are, it seemed, nobody would do | ||
- | it if I did not. That meant that I | + | it if I did not. That meant that I have been elected by circumstances |
to do this job. It was my duty. | to do this job. It was my duty. | ||
{00:50:04} | {00:50:04} | ||
- | It | + | It is if you see somebody drowning, and you know how to swim, and |
there is no one else around, and it's not Bush [laughter] or any other | there is no one else around, and it's not Bush [laughter] or any other | ||
government leader that suppresses the opposition and does other bad things | government leader that suppresses the opposition and does other bad things | ||
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So, of course I couldn't resist. [light laughter] | So, of course I couldn't resist. [light laughter] | ||
- | { | + | {01:59:48} |
But why is the word gnu so humour charged? It's because according to | But why is the word gnu so humour charged? It's because according to | ||
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GNU, no matter how many people mispronounce it as "Linux". [laughter, | GNU, no matter how many people mispronounce it as "Linux". [laughter, | ||
loud applause] | loud applause] | ||
- | |||
- | === The "Linux" and "GNU/Linux" names. The GNU General Public License === | ||
{01:01:21} | {01:01:21} | ||
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about freedom, and don't even understand the issue, they are willing to | about freedom, and don't even understand the issue, they are willing to | ||
accept non-free programs as part of the GNU/Linux system. | accept non-free programs as part of the GNU/Linux system. | ||
- | |||
- | === Problems of modern GNU/Linux distributions === | ||
{01:23:39} | {01:23:39} | ||
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is and they don't appreciate it. They are likely to lose it. And today | is and they don't appreciate it. They are likely to lose it. And today | ||
that's even more likely, but now we have something we didn't have twenty | that's even more likely, but now we have something we didn't have twenty | ||
- | years ago. | + | years ago. Powerful enemies, such as big corporations, that want to stop |
- | + | us from developing free software for certain jobs. | |
- | + | ||
- | Powerful enemies, such as big corporations, that want to stop | ||
- | us from developing free software for certain jobs. | ||
Many countries have laws that restrict the release of free software. The | Many countries have laws that restrict the release of free software. The | ||
US has at least two such laws. One of these laws make it's illegal to | US has at least two such laws. One of these laws make it's illegal to | ||
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So I'd like to cover a few specific topics. One is: free software | So I'd like to cover a few specific topics. One is: free software | ||
- | and employment. | + | and employment. Some people predict that if the world moves to free |
+ | software, all software development employment will go away. Now, this | ||
+ | is just fud. | ||
- | + | Look at the IT sector. The IT sector includes many different kinds of | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
jobs, paid programming work is a small fraction of that. We look at paid | jobs, paid programming work is a small fraction of that. We look at paid | ||
programming. Developing a proprietary software is a small fraction of | programming. Developing a proprietary software is a small fraction of | ||
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increase or net decrease, the main thing is basically the IT sector | increase or net decrease, the main thing is basically the IT sector | ||
employment is not changed much, there is nothing to be scared of. | employment is not changed much, there is nothing to be scared of. | ||
- | |||
- | === Free software and education === | ||
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- | |||
- | {{RMS}} |